Complete manual 2

Chapter 2: Safe spaces

Safe spaces can be understood as spaces that are created though explicit community agreement, or through implicit sharing of values. They enable members of a group to flourish, empower themselves and create community. Safe environments for discussion and awareness-raising have played a key role in many women's liberation movements.

Safe spaces enable different groups at risk - such as survivors of sexual abuse, harassment and violence - to feel safe and secure, to catch up with each other and develop their skills, and heal.

There are many possible event formats and styles which can support the creation of safe spaces, both online and offline, to allow women, trans* and other groups to communicate and exchange in a nurturing and welcoming environment. Whatever event format or style is used, a safe space should allow allow women and trans* persons to access and learn about technology and related fields without having to fear sexist language and attitudes, or mansplaining.

You might assume that the online communities you create or take part in through social media, email discussion lists, phones and Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channels are inherently democratic, non-hierarchical, participatory and relatively safe. However online spaces often reproduce the same hierarchies, privileges and power relations that exist in society, in the offline world.

It's important to be mindful of this and to think through ways to mitigate and limit these downsides in order to get the best out of our spaces. Using such strategies is about caring for ourselves and for the communities we are part of. Making these issues explicit and visible is also about agency, social justice and feminism, helping us to better shape the spaces we care about, we organise in and within which we grow.

This section aims to offer concrete suggestions on how to create safe spaces.

First, it will look at building safe spaces online through the use of mailing lists, chat, and other collaborative tools such as forums, wikis and pads. It will also look at how to use these tools tactically, in a way that supports the creation and maintenance of space space. The tools that have been highlighted in this section have been included because they are free and open source, and are designed and administered with increased privacy and security in mind.

Second, the section will focus on strategies of resistance in public spaces which are not inherently safe - for instance Twitter and Wikipedia. Those examples are designed to give us insight into how we can create safety online collectively. Finally it will loop back to the offline world and discuss ways to build safe spaces offline, such as through women and trans* only spaces, to learn and Do-it-Together.

Collaboration among us

Mailing lists

Mailing lists are one of the oldest forms of social networks, allowing a group to discuss and organise, to exchange information, video, audio and images. A mailing list is a list of addresses to which the same information is sent simultaneously. The most common types of mailing lists are announcement lists and discussion lists.

If you have decided within your group that you need a secure communication channel and that you do not want to use corporate services, there are some good alternative services to choose from, often recommended for human rights defenders. Riseup, Aktivix and Autistici/Inventati (A/I Collective) are all free services that prioritise security and user privacy.

Riseup lists: https://lists.riseup.net/www/

Aktivix lists: https://lists.aktivix.org/mailman/listinfo

Autistici lists: http://www.autistici.org/en/services/lists.html

Riseup in particular has many feminist- and queer-oriented lists and is therefore a great place to host your mailing list. On their website you can also have a look at the lists that already exist.

There are a lot of different communities established on mailing lists already that are focused on gender and technology; for example:

FemTechNet: FemTechNet is a network of scholars, students, and artists who work on, with, and at the borders of technology, science, and feminism in a variety of fields including Science and Technology Studies (STS), Media and Visual Studies, Art, Women’s, Queer, and Ethnic Studies. To register: http://femtechnet.newschool.edu/mailman/listinfo/femtechnet

Fembot: A network of scholars and students who focus on gender, media & technology. To register: https://lists.uoregon.edu/mailman/listinfo/fembot

Take Back the Tech: Take Back the Tech! is a collaborative campaign to reclaim information and communication technologies (ICT) to end violence against women (VAW). The campaign calls on all ICT users – especially women and girls – to take control of technology and strategically use any ICT platform at hand (mobile phones, instant messengers, blogs, websites, digital cameras, email, podcasts and more) for activism against gender-based violence. Take Back the Tech! accompanies the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence (November 25 – December 10 each year) with daily actions that explore different aspects of violence against women and ICT tools. To register: https://lists.takebackthetech.net/cgi-bin/mailman/subscribe/takebackthetech

Queer Feminism Geek: A network of feminist, queer and trans* hackers, makers, geeks and artists who organise activities and assemblies at the Computer Chaos Camp and Congress. To register: https://lists.riseup.net/www/subscribe/queerfeministgeeks

Femmehack: A list created to organise Gloabl Feminist Hackathons.

TransHackFeminist: The TransHackFeminist (THF) list is a list that was created after the first THF convergence in 2014 where intersectional feminists, queer and trans* people of all genders met to better understand, use and ultimately develop free and liberating technologies for social dissent. You need to be endorsed by people on the list to join it.

GTI Participants: The GTI list is a closed list of people who participated in the Gender and Tech Institutes.

Ada camp mailing list: Ada Camp list is a closed list that is dedicated to speaking about issues related to women in open sources. It is composed of the people who participated in Ada Camp.

Open or closed?

Once you are ready to create your mailing list you need to decide whether it will be open or closed.

Open: An open list allows anyone to subscribe, and then once they have joined the list, to receive announcements or participate in the discussion. Subscription can either be automatic, or it can be approved by a moderator. An open list can be advertised publicly for broad subscription - for example the mailing list run by FemTechNet (http://femtechnet.newschool.edu/mailman/listinfo/femtechnet).

Closed: Another option is to keep your mailing list closed. In a closed list, membership is limited, and all subscribers require approval before they can join the list. It's possible to have a list that is publicised - ie that everyone knows about - but still closed.

Note that sometimes the archives of a list can be made public to anyone on the web, and will also therefore end up on search engines (like Google). Check if keeping a list open to new subscriptions automatically implies that the archives of the list will be made publicly available, or if they will only be accessible to those who have the subscription password. Sometimes you can choose whether you keep the archives public or not.

If you intend to talk about sensitive issues (and talking about gender related topics is often a sensitive issue!) or if trust within the group is important for creating your safe space, you might want to set up a closed list and to keep your archives closed. If you do choose to leave your archives accessible, it is important to inform everyone subscribed to the list that any delicate topic or personal detail that pops up in your discussions will be potentially visible to anybody.

Encrypted lists: If you want a high level of security, there is also the possibility of encrypting mailing lists. However, it is important to understand that this requires every participants to the list to already use encryption software like PGP or GPG. This type of list, based on software called Schleuder (http://schleuder2.nadir.org/) and developed by Nadir.org, is designed to serve as a tool for group communication, but this time with a strong emphasis on security.

Adding people: Once you have your list set up, you can start inviting people. Make sure you have a discussion on who can be part of this list and when adding new people to the list, that the reasons why such and such person should be added are communicated to the other members of the list. How open or closed your mailing list is will contribute to the shaping of your mailing list policy.

Policies

Agreeing on a mailing list policy - a set of do's and don'ts for the list - from the start will save you a lot of time and possibly difficult conversations. Publishing your policy - which should include the ways in which to report violations of the policy, even on a closed list - can be helpful in creating the online safe space you want everyone to feel comfortable in. Your policy can address tensions like the fact that being free to expressing emotion is an important feminist principle, but losing your temper and attacking someone you don't agree with on the list is not ok.

Having a visible and explicit policy sends a strong message about the value of maintaining the mailing list as safe space. The Geekfeminism wiki has some good sample policy statements that can be adapted and used for your own purposes - for example their sample statement for woman-only communities (http://geekfeminism.wikia.com/wiki/Statement_of_purpose/Women-only_communities), and for communities including men (http://geekfeminism.wikia.com/wiki/Statement_of_purpose/Communities_including_men).

To make sure that the policy does not get forgotten, you can regularly remind subscribers about it, with a link at the end of each mail you send out.

Administration

Administrating a list: Administrating a list normally involves handling subscriptions and moderating content. You can choose how many administrators you want your list to have. Be aware that if your list suddenly becomes very chatty, this might be too demanding for just one person. A list can also be collectively managed.

Moderating a list: As a general rule, moderation has three main goals. First, a well-moderated community will be more productive and efficient in generating and distributing valuable information and knowledge to its members (subscribers). Second, moderation will increase the accessibility and openness of online communities by enabling respectful dialogue among its members. Finally, good moderation lessens the demands on the infrastructure, as well as on the list subscribers.

Chat with IRC

What is IRC? Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a chat service which can be hosted on different servers and accessed through different user clients. It provides the ability to set up channels or chatrooms which allow many people to contribute to a discussion in real time. IRC also gives you the option to encrypt your communication. You can’t embed video, audio or pictures, but you can link to them.

Challenges: While IRC can be a great tool for facilitating collaboration, there are things to bear in mind if you decide to use it. First, IRC can take a little time to get used to, depending on the skills in your group. Second, developing relationships across a purely text-based channel such as IRC can be challenging. Writing is not easy for everyone; and some in the group might not be using their mother tongue.

Accessing IRC through your browser: There are several ways to chat through an IRC network. The easiest way to start out is to access an IRC network directly through your browser, such as one from Indymedia (https://irc.indymedia.nl/) or Freenode (https://webchat.freenode.net/). You can get set up immediately by creating a nickname and a channel, which you can then give to your colleagues to connect with you.

Using a chat client: Connecting to an IRC network through your browser is, however, not the most secure option out there. If you are a more advanced user, or if you have already tested out IRC out and think it will work for your group, it can be better to access your chosen IRC network from a chat client.

There are a few different chat clients which you can choose from, including Jitsi and Pidgin. You can read more about these clients and how to use them on Tactical Tech's Security in-a-Box: Jitsi https://securityinabox.org/en/guide/jitsi/windows ; Pidgin https://securityinabox.org/en/guide/pidgin/windows).

How to use a network: Advice and instructions on using an IRC network can be found on Freenode (https://freenode.net/using_the_network.shtml), Autistici (https://www.autistici.org/en/stuff/man_irc), and Indymedia (http://docs.indymedia.org/view/Sysadmin/IrcHowTo). The last two also allow us to anonymise our connections through Tor.

Facilitating a meeting: Once you start an IRC meeting, it is useful to appoint a facilitator to keep track of time. This person might also be in charge of making sure the discussion sticks to the topics at hand. When you start a conversation, take time to greet people - in particular newcomers. In order to create a welcoming environment and a safe space, acknowledging and valuing the voice of everyone is key on IRC. When facilitating a conversation:

• You might decide that people should be given turns to speak in order to ensure that everyone has space to express themselves. You can simply assign turns in alphabetical order of nicknames (or any order you want to give) for each of the points addressed. This can help structure the conversation and stop one person or a small group of people dominating the conversation.
• It can be useful to end your input with “over” or "done", so everyone knows when you have stopped speaking.
• Because IRC meetings can be tiring, it can help to set a time limit beforehand.
• IRC can go very fast, particularly if there are many people involved in the discussion. Getting everyone to slow down and read all the inputs can decrease frustration.

Whatever the facilitation methods you choose, communicate them explicitly to all the participants beforehand, for example in the email where you invite people to join the meeting.

Forums, Wikis and Etherpads

Chat services and mailing lists can be extremely useful, but they will only take you so far. When it comes to managing collaboration between people living in different places, you will probably find yourself looking for something with more functionality.

Internet forums: One of the oldest tools used for public discussions online are internet forums, where discussions can be hosted over time and are at least temporarily archived. What really distinguishes a forum from a mailing list or IRC chat is that it has a tree-like structure and can contain a number of sub discussions, each with a different topic.

Wikis: If you are looking for a tool to collaboratively write a text with many sections, or even to create the initial structure and content for a website, a wiki can be a useful tool. A wiki is a web application that allows for hierarchical structuring of content and tracks the edits and additions of the users, easily allowing you to revert changes, and move and delete content.

Both forums and wikis need to be hosted on a server, so you'll need to know how to set one up and manage it.

Crabgrass: Another option is to use Crabgrass, a versatile platform for managing groups and collective projects (https://we.riseup.net/crabgrass/about). Crabgrass is hosted by tech collective Riseup, which provides free and open source tools for activists.

Etherpads: For collaborating in real-time on documents, Etherpads are a great resource. They are also a good alternative to corporate services like Google Docs, and are far more effective for co-editing text than, for example, sending mails back and forth. The main thing you need to check for in an etherpad is that it is hosted with an encrypted connection (via SSL). A list of such etherpads can be found here: https://github.com/ether/etherpad-lite/wiki/Sites-that-run-Etherpad-Lite.

• To create a new etherpad (ie, a new document that you are going to collaborate on), you need to decide on the name of the URL. Because each pad is open to anyone who has the URL, you should give each pad a long and inventive name, so that it can't be easily guessed. For example: https://pad.riseup.net/p/feminists is not secure. A more complicated URL such as https://pad.riseup.net/p/FeministsRockAndTheyWillBeDoingGreatThingsToghether is much more secure. Once the etherpad has been created you can send the URL to your friends and colleagues to start collaborating on a document.

• If are worried about your etherpad being found by others, you can also consider a password-protected pad. For more on this, see: https://www.protectedtext.com/

• Etherpads allow you be anonymous, use a pseudonym or use your real name. There is a colour-based system that differentiates the contributions of each participants on the etherpad, so you can always see who is contributing what.

Safe spaces in the public sphere

There are many spaces which will feel inherently unsafe either because they explicitly or implicitly exclude women and trans* people, or because they harbour bigots. There are a number of ways to counter the vulnerability and intimidation we might feel online. One is through caring for our personal and collective safety, through using security- and privacy- enabling tools and techniques. Another is through resistance. Organising collective actions can be a powerful act of resistance, bringing attention and visibility to the situation and in turn helping to bring about transformation.

Feminist counterspeech - creating counter-narratives online, or "talking back" - is one strategy for making sexism visible and for responding to online attacks and harassment. It can be an effective tactic to create a sense of belonging and make visible the effectiveness of collective feminist actions online. There are many examples of feminist counterspeech in action - many of which you have probably seen and appreciated. The Everyday Sexism Project (https://twitter.com/everydaysexism), for example, catalogues instances of sexism experienced by women on a day-to-day basis; the #yesallwomen hashtag was created as a response to the #notallmen hashtag on Twitter, and was also used to document women's stories of harassment and abuse. Feminist counterspeech can also include tactics to enable the inclusion and visibility of women's contributions to knowledge platforms such as Wikipedia.

Storming Wikipedia

Many women have criticised the way in which knowledge is produced, made and constructed on Wikipedia. As explained by members of the Wikimedia Foundation, a 2010 survey LINKS HERE DON'T WORK OR RELEVANCE NOT CLEAR (http://web.archive.org/web/20110713180348/ ; http://www.wikipediasurvey.org/) conducted by the United Nations University found that only 13% of Wikipedia contributors identified as female. The fact that Wikipedia’s contributors are mostly men in their twenties and thirties, and disproportionately western, are important factors that influence content.

Women who have played a significant role in history are also often missing from Wikipedia, and feminist, queer and trans* content is often challenged.

The lack of women, feminist, queer and trans* content on Wikipedia demands creative responses - partnerships, research, community organizing, socio-cultural and technical interventions should all be considered.

Storming Wikipedia or organising Edit-a-thons are two possible interventions. These enable participants to learn collectively how to edit and change content to better reflect their communities and histories. Learning how to edit Wikipedia can seem daunting, so collectively editing and creating pages is a great way to confront fears; to Do-It-With-Others (DIWO) in a safe space.

Wikistorming can (and should) of course be organised for any day, but Ada Lovelace Day in mid-October and International Women's Day on March 8 are two specific days on which such gatherings often happen.

Organising a wikistorming involves gathering a group of friends (and friends of friends) who want to learn or already know how to edit Wikipedia, and identify a safe space in which to hold the event. It can be held in someone’s home, in a community centre, at an art centre or at a community organisation. A wikistorming can last for half to a whole day. Before the wikistorming or as part of it, decide which Wikipedia entries you want create or which existing page you want to edit. Be realistic in your goals and don't put too many edits on your agenda! To edit Wikipedia carefully takes time. For more on organising a wikistorming, visit Femtech: http://femtechnet.newschool.edu/wikistorming/

Dealing with Trolls

Women and trans* persons who begin to grow a following and have influence online might experience reaching what, Kathy Siera describes as a “koolaid point” (http://seriouspony.com/trouble-at-the-koolaid-point/). There, a certain group of people may decide that you have too much influence, and make it their mission to silence you or discredit you. This is commonly referred to as trolling although it is more often than not targeted, discriminatory in nature and hate-based. A troll's tactics can include anything from constant derogatory and belittling messages, to edited images and even threats.

There are two key ways you can deal with trolls: one is to block them and report them to the platform you are using or to engage with them. This decision depends on what you want to achieve. Blocking them can definitely work and you can continue with your work unimpeded. Projects like Block Together (https://blocktogether.org/) and Block Bot (http://www.theblockbot.com/sign_up) were developed to help people who are harassed share their blocklists with each other and l. Historically platforms like Twitter and Facebook have not handled reports of intimidation and violence very well. However this is changing, as they recognise the severity of problem and how it deters people with important voices from using their services. When blocking doesn't help is when users are really committed to trolling and create numerous different profiles (called “sock puppet accounts”) to continue the harassment. Then your blocking has to keep up with their new account generation and it becomes tedious.

You might also consider the alternative of engaging trolls. One method to do this is to try and enter into rational arguments with them and interrogate their views. Another way is to try to shame them or use humour to deflate their egos. Effective engagement with trolls can actually help to generate a debate and public interest around the act of harassment and involve others online in talking about safe spaces, violence, sexism and online behaviour. It can also be a source of empowerment for the subjects of trolling: seeing others laugh at your harasser can be very uplifting.

The method of swarming can be used to drown out harassers. This can be done in retro style by creating communities of support with your allies in social media spaces where you are likely to encounter harassment. When someone is being targeted, others can quickly be alerted and bombard the harasser with messages. The content of that message is up to you: it could be scolding, educational, or loving. Another option is: instead of directing messages towards the harasser, the swarm can fill the victim's content stream in order to quickly make the negative, violent content disappear into online history.

If you want to engage with trolls, and even if you consider using the “swarming” method, you might prefer to stay anonymous to avoid having your real identity trolled. Setting up a network of second accounts to do your troll-response work can be a good idea for your organisation or your community of friends. It might be easier too, psychologically, to say some of the things you want to trolls, than you would when it is linked to your main identity. And it is more performative: you can create any kind of identity you want and style it with an avatar, a funny name, a character etc.

While battling the trolls in the old-fashioned human way can be fun and eye-opening, it can also be a time waster. Another option to consider is automation, using bots. For this you need to do some coding to start from scratch or work with freely available code someone already uploaded on a repository such as Github.

Bots against trolls

A bot is a piece of software that runs an automated task over the internet. Bots perfom tasks at a greater velocity than humans can. There are many different breeds of bots. For example the spambot which harvests email addresses and contact information or the 1800 approved bots on the English Wikipedia which help to semi-automate the editing of Wikipedia pages. Bots can post content, gather information and click on things. Twitter is also filled with bots which use algorithms to harvest information and tweet. Many of these are humorous and random: like @twoheadlines which randomly grabs news headlines and combines them to create funny combinations. The below steps address Twitter mainly. However some of these ideas can be used across other platforms too.

A bot can be programed to document trolls' activities or talk to them, so that you don't have to. There are a few ways of doing this: the autotweet bot and a silent data-gathering bot in combination with the talking bot(s). The examples below speak specifically about what is possible on Twitter. However the ideas could be applied to other platforms.

The data-gathering bot: quietly scans Twitter gathering tweets, usernames and any other available information you program it to, and places this in a file for you to analyse or use for further purposes outlined below. This bot can be useful for understanding what kind of content is out there and doing a first stage analysis of abuse. Foxxydoxing is such an example; it is intended to help you analyse who your harassers are (https://github.com/DeepLab/FoxyDoxxing).

The simple tweeting bot: if you follow the #gamergate hashtag on Twitter, you will see a bot called @everyethics which tweets different humorous reasons for the #gamergate trolling, ridiculing of the claim that Gamergate was not about attacking women in gaming but about “ethics in game journalism”. While this bot could be seen as spam, it was actually clearly a strategy to undermine and make fun of the trolls.

The retweet bot: is programmed to scan the Twitter API for a list of words, phrases or hashtags defined by you, and to retweet those. This would be a strategy to document and publicise Twitter abuse. Here's an example of such a bot you can download and install.

4. The autotweet bot is similar except that every time it finds a tweet with one of the words, phrases or hashtags you have programmed it to look for, it will tweet a prewritten tweet to that user. These bots get shut down much quicker now as was shown by @fembot which responded to racists and sexist tweets that it spotted and was blocked after making only 75 tweets. Unfortunately Twitter does not make it so easy to do this anymore.

The tweeting bot: in combination with the data-gathering bot enables you to find the users tweeting violent things, compile them for you to read over and check for accuracy and remove any false positives. Alongside the data-gathering bot, you can have a talking bot or a team of talking bots which can tweet whatever you decide is useful information, to those users.

If you are considering employing bots to work for you to fight online bigotry harassment, there are some things you need to watch out for. Twitter is not against bots and if you just want to create a bot that scans information from Twitter for you to analyse, or a bot that just tweets out to no one in particular, you will not encounter any problems. However if you want to tweet @ other Twitter users, you have to take into account Twitter's policy against spam. See Twitter's guide to (https://support.twitter.com/articles/76915-automation-rules-and-best-practices# Automation Rules and Best Practices).

Language is slippery and if you want to tackle violence against women online, you will have to be very careful about what kind of language you search for. For example, every time someone uses the word “bitch” on Twitter to intimidate or harass a woman, there are probably at least five other people using it to tell their friend how much they love them or talk about the latest celebrity affair. The best way to figure out which language is used to harm women is to crowdsource it from people who have been harassed and then do a number of tests, pulling tweets from the Twitter API and then analysing it yourself.

Supporting others

When your friends or allies are being harassed and/or attacked online, there are some best practices to follow. It can feel daunting to know what to do you see someone experiencing online violence, and sometimes in trying to help you can inadvertently worsen the situation. Knowing how to act in the best possible way is our collective responsibility in helping to create a safe space online for everyone.

• Offer quick support: When someone is being attacked or harassed, try to be quick in bringing in support. Knowing what to do and how to do it in such a situation usually requires some practice for the response to be as effective as possible; as a general rule, however, your main message should always be that gender-based violence and harassment online is unacceptable. If you are close to the person under attack, offer immediate assistance. In the event of doxing - where confidential info has been released on the internet about that person - you might want to offer a safe space (a home) if the person does not feel safe in their own home. You can also offer to moderate your friend's Twitter feed or blog comments to allow her/them to take a break from it.

• Speak out: If you do not know the person well, you can at least speak out against what is happening. Speaking out is our collective responsibility!  It's not enough to simply send a private email or a tweet to the person who is under attack telling them that you think this kind of behaviour is unacceptable (sometimes, if the person under attack is being flooded with tweets and mails, it's even better not to write at all). Instead, speak out about it in your networks and raise your voice against such behaviour. You can, for instance, commend publicly the work that the person under attack has been doing. Don't be silent, especially if you are a colleague or a team-mate. Show your support. Make your voice resonate online - particularly if you are a man! Speaking out is everyone's responsibility.

• Organise collectively: If you want to have more impact, think about crafting a "collective action". Collective actions are often more effective than individual actions. Gather a group of friends, and friends of friends, for a Twitter storming, for instance. Make your point visible! This will show to the person under attack that you and others care and that such acts are not OK. 

• Talk to the media: Depending on the nature and context of the attack, you might want to speak out through the media and highlight the gendered nature of online attacks. Using the media to bring light to a situation can be an important way to bring visibility to such issue. It's always best practice to consult the persons under attack before speaking to the mainstream media. If you do not know the person personally, go through the web of trust - your trusted online network. It's also good to contact a friendly and/or feminist media outlet or journalist. Before doing so, form a group of people opposed to such violence, draft a press release and explain what gender-based violence and harassment online are and why they exist. This will bring visibility to the issue and take the spotlight off the person who has been, or is still, under attack. Thinking about the harm and added stress that the person can go through if they are made visible in the mainstream media is something that you should carefully assess. Good intentions are not enough - you need to think about the impact your actions will have on her life. Consider especially that this is not about you: this is about fighting sexism online!

• Write a solidarity statement: If you are part of an organisation or network, you can write a solidarity statement that explicitly says you condemn online gender-based violence and harassment. Having feminists review the statement of solidarity is a best practice. If it's a person from your organisation who has been under attack, make sure she/they read the solidarity statement before it is released. You can also prepare an organisational policy in advance on what to do if someone is under attack. If you have a policy and specific steps to follow when such a situation occurs, chances are you will do less harm and be more effective in your response. Have feminists review your statement, but also remember that if your organisation is not solely volunteer-run, this should be paid. This is crucial work and it should be valued!

• Speak up as an ally: If you are someone who wants to support a disadvantaged group but is not part of that group (e.g. men are allies when it comes to women's rights issues) , it's important to speak out and say “NO”, in a public space, to online harassment and violence. Do this every time you witness online violence! Otherwise, the culture of impunity to online harassment will continue.

• Contribute to the documentation: Besides directly supporting and showing solidarity with people subjected to violence, you can also populate and contribute to the documentation of instances of online violence and harassment. Those initiatives are key in order to show the extent of the problem and to make visible some of the structural aspects of violence in societies. A few initiatives have started to document this process. A few examples a highlighted below.

Crash override network is a support network and assistance group for victims and targets of unique forms of online harassment, composed entirely of experienced survivors. They work preventatively and reactively with survivors during episodes of harassment to keep them safe and provide them with the means to reduce harm and rebuild, as well as disempower their harassers. http://www.crashoverridenetwork.com/

APC's Take back the Tech has collected more than 500 stories of women who have experienced violence online. These stories were collected using the open source platform called Ushahidi. The data visualisation can be see here: https://www.takebackthetech.net/mapit/ . The overall results of those who have participated in this exercise show that women between 18 and 30 who are using Facebook are most likely to be under online threat. To read about the story visit: http://www.genderit.org/articles/mapping-strategy-disclose-online-violence-against-women

HarassMap was born as a response to the persistent problem of sexual harassment on the streets of Egypt. Since the crowdsourcing platform based on Ushahidi is anonymous, Harassmap allows to document instances of sexual harassment whether you are the victim or a witness (http://harassmap.org/en/). To read about the effectiveness of crowdsourced data visit: http://harassmap.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Towards-A-Safer-City_full-report_EN-.pdf [PDF]. Similar to HarrassMap is Hollaback, an initiative that aims at stopping street harassment using technology all over the world (http://www.ihollaback.org/).

HeartMob is a platform that aims at providing real-time support to individuals experiencing online harassment and empowers bystanders to act. This platform is being built and you should stay abreast of its development. It is an initiative of Hollaback. Visit their Kickstarter project to know more about the initiative: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/4096561/heartmob/description

The Geek Feminism Wiki has been documenting sexist incidents in geek communities. To see the timeline of incidents: http://geekfeminism.wikia.com/index.php?title=Timeline_of_incidents

Women, Action, and the Media (WAM!) has written a report on online violence on Twitter. The report can be downloaded here. It has also created a Twitter Harassment Reporting Tool that can be accessed here.

Speech and safety network

Safe spaces offline

All the principles of creating and maintaining safe spaces online can of course also be applied offline.

In the case of security and privacy training, you also need to consider how participants can best learn skills to protect themselves when the topics themselves can be frightening or overwhelming.

The difficulties in defining what a "safe space" should look like are inherent in the fact that you are bringing a diversity of people together, who might be considered to be part of the same community but who all have different histories, contexts and needs. What one person might find politically, socially or personally threatening might mean very little to another. And everyone will of course also come with different experiences and levels of knowledge and skills with regard to technology.

We need to remind ourselves that whenever we create a space - even a safe space - it will never be experienced in the same way by all the people involved. Individual subjectivities are important in the perception of what is safe, secure, and comforting, and what is not. Everyone is different, with their own set of experiences, history, context and needs. It is important to be aware that, in struggling to perfect a feminist safe space, one always runs the risk of creating instead yet another form of social control and pressure to conform to a particular image of what a woman or trans* person is or should be.

Women and trans* only?

This question can be one of the most divisive, as it will often touch on people's strongly held sense of their political, personal, sexual and social identities. Issues of sexual orientation and gender identity will likely come up. Some will prefer a women and trans* only environment, some will feel that this opens up an opportunity for external attacks on the whole project by adversarial forces, while some will feel that cis-men friends and colleagues are being unfairly excluded, and feel resentful. If you are having a debate about this, some things to consider are:

• Boundaries for the debate: Is there an agreed framework and rules of engagement? How do we define "woman" and "trans*"? How do we define "safe"?
• Who do we want to include, influence or support? Specifically women and trans* persons, or also potential allies?
• What is the balance of positions on feminism present in the group - is there a dominant "flow" of opinion?
• How important versus how contentious? Is it worth alienating some people from the group? How can we frame the debate to avoid alienating people who don't agree with the decision?
• How will the decision affect the actual experience of people within the space?
• Do we have all the skills we need to deliver this project among our networks, or will we need specific additional skills? Where will we get them?
• How will the space be organised to promote equal participation, especially if cis-men are included?

It's important to remember that building offline spaces is resource- and labour-intensive, and often many compromises have to be made. It may be a good idea to try to identify as early as possible which values are shared, important, and relevant to the event, so that you can constantly remember to prioritise those and de-prioritise less important or potentially divisive issues.

Building offline spaces is easiest and most successful when you're clear about what you're trying to do and how you plan to go about it. The second thing which must be considered is exactly what the event is intended to achieve. For example:

• Skills: How can we learn to do xyz?
• Advocacy: How do we change the culture of tech sectors to be more amenable for women and trans* persons, and/or let the world know that they are great at tech?
• Support, networking and boundary-crossing: What does it mean to be a woman or trans* person in tech? How can women from different places or sectors come together to spark off new ideas and practices? How can we support each other as women and trans* persons in tech?

Different aims will inform different safe space policies. For instance, it's difficult advocating for change in the male-dominated tech sector if you haven't invited cis-men to hear what you want to say - but you might prefer to discuss *how* to do this in a women and trans*-only environment first. If, on the other hand, you are advocating for engagement with technology to women and trans* persons and mainly want free, honest and mutually supportive discussions or skills-sharing, then in this case, a women and trans* only environment suggests itself.

With skills workshops, there is research to suggest that women and trans* persons learn tech skills best with each other, so these workshops have a very clear and communicable reason for being exclusive. Another possibility is to run an event twice, once for women and trans* participants and once for open participation. This can have the positive side-effect of enabling others to experience a safe space methodology and thereby change their own practices in the spaces they organise, but it will be clearly more time consuming.

Choosing a format that fits

Once you have settled the basic questions on what your event is for and who you want to invite, it's time to think about the format of your event. Deciding which format to use can be helped by your answers to some key questions:

• What are you trying to do? Which format will support this activity best?
• What are the participants' needs, existing skills, experience and preferences?
• What physical spaces are available, what will they allow you to do, and what resources do you have?
• What are your human and organisational resources - how much can you take on?

There are many different ways of organising events and spaces. Some of the most popular in FLOSS and tech-related communities are:

• Un-Conference: helps people to make connections, share knowledge, collaborate and inspire each other. To take part, participants are encouraged to give a presentation, create a discussion, or even chair a debate (http://lanyrd.com/blog/2012/unconference-howto/ ; http://openspaceworld.org/wp2/what-is/). Pros: relatively egalitarian and relatively easy to organise (no messing about with programmes, scheduling and advanced prep). Cons: watch out for the tyranny of structurelessness; can be extremely intimidating and therefore exclusionary towards less experienced or skilled participants; can be stressful if you need to organise tech or other resources for specific activities in advance.

• Workshop: transferring skills or knowledge in an interactive session. There are many possible workshop methodologies. Selecting a workshop format is very much about being clear about what you want to achieve. Workshops can be a good format for building skills or for maker and design activities.

• Hacklab, hackerspace or makerspace (http://makerspace.com/) - these are community spaces with hardware and/or tools - great for people to "get their hands dirty" and play around with anything - from taking computers apart to installing Linux to making music with bananas or building a radio out of razorblades and wire. Read more about hacklabs and hackerspaces here: "Hacklabs and Hackerspaces: Shared Machine Workshops": http://www.coredem.info/IMG/pdf/pass11_an-2.pdf [PDF]

• Feminist hackerspace: Those vary in shape, form, and size. What often unites them is a set of boundaries that are decided on collectively (who can be a member, who can be a guest, what are the policies, etc.) and an explicit belief in feminist principles. Feminist hackerspaces provide a place to work on individual and collective projects in a supportive environment. To know more about feminist hackerspaces you might want to visit the website Mz Baltazar’s Laboratory in Vienna (http://www.mzbaltazarslaboratory.org/), The Mothership Hackermoms in Berkeley (http://mothership.hackermoms.org/), Double Union in San Francisco (https://www.doubleunion.org/) and FemHack in Montreal (http://foufem.wiki.orangeseeds.org/).

• Hackathon: With its general motto "programming till someone drops from exhaustion", hack events can mix different groups - like NGOs with hackers - to come up with new approaches to building technology for that group. Read more about how to run a hackathon here: http://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/11/23/hackathons-in-droves-how-is-a-hackathon-organised/

• Sprint: A sprint is a gathering of people involved in a specific project to further the focused development of some aspect of the project, such as working on sections of code, writing manuals or books, etc. These are effective at getting a lot done quickly for code and manuals (less so for other forms of writing), but can be exhausting and emotionally demanding - make sure you keep food and drink coming! To read more about sprints, visit wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(software_development) and Flossmanuals: http://www.flossmanuals.org/service/booksprints.

• Seminar: A seminar brings together a small group for recurring meetings which focus on a particular subject. In a seminar, everyone actively participates, or offers information or training on specific topics. On the one hand, this kind of structured activity supports people with less experience or confidence; planning for tech/resource support is fairly straightforward; and people know what to expect. On the other hand, the event can be experienced as overly structured and lacking spontaneity for more experienced participants; more 'top-down'; and requires more organisational effort in advance. Wikipedia on seminars: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminar

For sharing skills, choosing an unconference, workshop or seminar format makes a lot of sense. For advocacy and networking events, the choice is not so obvious. Advocacy events can be some of the most challenging as it's easy to spend the entire day "re-inventing the wheel" with people who are new to the questions. If you have participants from diverse backgrounds in your advocacy event, it could be best to go with a more structured format. Unconferences and hackathons work best with activists or experienced practitioners who are used to a high level of self-determination, and who have a shared understanding of the implicit rules and structures of the space. Having said that, it can work well to try more open formats anyway, but be prepared for some skilled facilitating to make it a safe and fun space for both experienced and less experienced participants. Sometimes a mixed approach is what's needed - and some experimentation!

UNDERLINE DIVIDE BETWEEN ONE TIME ACTIVITIES AND OFFLINE SAFE SPACES THAT ARE STABLE ON TIME (HACKLABS, FEMINIST HACHERSPACES ETC)

Codes of conduct

It's important, especially in mixed environments, to think about what's acceptable conduct in the space and what isn't. In order for this to have any practical effect, it's also important to think about what you'll do if individuals breach this - or when things go wrong generally. You can find plenty of information and example policies on the Geek Feminism Conference anti-harassment/Adoption page (http://geekfeminism.wikia.com/wiki/Conference_anti-harassment/Adoption)

Make sure your participants understand the policy and how it relates to their own conduct. It can be useful to make time in your schedule at the beginning of the event to share your policy, and reach consensus with the group on how to maintain a safe space over the days of the event.

Your code of conduct should be about preventing aggressive behaviour and not about trying to "police" how people identify, communicate or present themselves. It's also worth remembering that people who are struggling in a culturally unfamiliar environment can become confrontational more easily than they usually would. There may be many reasons why a participant might be struggling to communicate positively at any given moment. It's key to remain calm and to provide a non-judgemental space for the expression of emotions like anger or frustration. We are different, let's celebrate it, even when it's difficult to do!

Last not least, your code of conduct should include an agreement about how participants will respect the right to privacy of other participants. Some general guidelines could include the following:

• Don't take or circulate sound, video or photos without permission. If anyone present faces significant external risk then don't take photos at all unless participants have given express permission and an opportunity to cover their identity.
• If you wish to record the event, prepare formal consent forms telling people exactly what audio-visual records are being made and how they will be stored and used, and ask for clear consent with a signature.
• Don't share details of anyone's participation, speech or actions on social media without their express permission.

How safe is the space?

As a check-list, here are some questions that can help you assess whether a space is safe or not.

• Background: What is the history of the space? Who started it and why? How many women and trans* persons have been involved?
• Participation: Who has stopped participating in the space since it was founded, and why? Is it mostly women who have left?
• Policies: Does the space have policies? If so, what kind? Are the policies regularly put in practice? Ask members in the space, particularly women.
• New people: How does the space welcome newcomers? The first time you went to the space, did you get a tour? Did people say hello? Were the people in the space friendly?
• Regular assemplies: Are there regular meetings (assemblies) that offer possibilities to raise concerns, to suggest collective projects, to suggest the organisation of workshops, to discuss the space (its cleanliness, etc.), to present yourself, etc.?
• Language: Is the language and vocabulary used on the website and in the space explicitly feminist? Read the website carefully, or go and see for yourself what the space looks like.
• Trust: Do you know people who you trust in the space or do you know friends of friends? The web of trust can be very useful here.
• Access: Who can go into the space and under which conditions? This should be made explicit on the website, otherwise ask.
• Accessibility: Is the space itself easily accessible? In which part of town is it located? Are there bathrooms? What are the opening hours? Who has access to the keys of the space?
• Cost: How much does it cost to become a member? Is there a sliding scale policy?

No space is perfect; a safe space should always, however, at least provide an environment and a set of boundaries in which to meet up, talk, and address and raise difficult issues. If you feel the space has potential and you want to get involved, don't be shy!