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[[File:Dontpanic.jpg|640px|thumb|right]]

== A typical linux distribution ==

Linux distributions aren’t just the Linux kernel. They all contain other critical software, like the Grub bootloader, Bash shell, GNU shell utilities, daemons, X.org graphical server, a desktop environment, and more.

=== Bootloader ===

The BIOS or UEFI firmware loads the software from a boot device. The first program that loads with any operating system is the boot loader. In linux this is generally the Grub boot loader handling the process of actually booting linux, issuing command-line options and allowing for booting in other ways for troubleshooting purposes. 

=== The linux kernel ===

The software Grub boots is the kernel, the core of the system. It manages CPU, memory, and input/output devices like keyboard, mice, and displays. The kernel speaks directly to the hardware and it includes many hardware drivers.

=== Daemons ===

Daemons are background processes (system-level processes you generally don’t notice). They often start as part of the boot process, so they’re one of the next things that loads after the kernel and before you see your graphical login screen.


=== Shell ===

Most Linux systems use the Bash shell by default. A shell provides a command processor interface, allowing you to control your computer by typing commands at a text interface, see [[Kinky linux command-line]]. Shells can also run shell scripts, which are a collection of commands and operations run in the order specified in the script, see [[Shell scripting]].

=== Shell utilities ===

Commands as critical as the cp command for copying a file, ls command for listing files in a directory, and rm command for deleting files are part of the GNU Core Utilities package. The Bash shell is also part of the GNU project. Not all shell utilities and command-line programs are developed by the GNU project. Some commands and terminal programs have their own projects.

=== X server ===

The graphical desktop is provided by a type of package known as an "X server" implementing the "X window system". The most used graphical server  is X.org. It interfaces with video card, monitor, mouse, and other devices but doesn’t provide a full desktop environment, just a graphical system that desktop environments and toolkits can be developed on.

=== Desktop environment ===

A Linux desktop is a desktop environment. Ubuntu includes the Unity desktop environment, Fedora includes GNOME, Kubuntu includes KDE, and Mint generally includes Cinnamon or MATE, Debian gives a variety of choices during install. These desktop environments provide everything you see — the desktop background, panels, window title bars and borders and have their own utilities developed to fit in with the desktop environment.

=== Desktop programs ===

Not every desktop program is a part of a particular desktop environment. For example, Firefox and Icedove are not tied to a particular desktop environment. You can run any Linux desktop program in any desktop environment, but it can (and most likely will drag in other processes). For example, if you tried to install the Nautilus file manager on KDE, it will attempt to install a variety of GNOME libraries and probably start GNOME desktop processes in the background when you open it. It would work, you can use it, at a performance price.

== Threading carefully concepts ==

Jessie installs systemd by default. This lack of choice is against point 4 of the Debian Social Contract https://www.debian.org/social_contract.en.html. And not only that: http://ewontfix.com/14/:

''So how should init be done right?'' 

''The Unix way: with simple self-contained programs that do one thing and do it well.
''
''First, get everything out of PID 1:
''
* ''The systemd way: Take advantage of special properties of pid 1 to the maximum extent possible. This leads to ever-expanding scope creep and exacerbates all of the problems described in http://ewontfix.com/14/ (and probably many more yet to be discovered).''
* ''The right way: Do away with everything special about pid 1 by making pid 1 do nothing but start the real init script and then just reap zombies (see his script below)''

''Next, from the init script, run a process supervision system outside of PID 1 to manage daemons as immediate child processes (no backgrounding). As mentioned above are several existing choices here. It's not clear to me that any of them are sufficiently polished or robust to satisfy major distributions at this time. But neither is systemd; its backers are just better at sweeping that under the rug.''

''What the existing choices do have, though, is better design, mainly in the way of having clean, well-defined scope rather than Katamari Damacy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katamari_Damacy.''

''If none of them are ready for prime time, then the folks eager to replace legacy init in their favorite distributions need to step up and either polish one of the existing solutions or write a better implementation based on the same principles. Either of these options would be a lot less work than fixing what's wrong with systemd.''

''Whatever system is chosen, the most important criterion is that it be transparent to applications. For 30+ years, the choice of init system used has been completely irrelevant to everybody but system integrators and administrators. User applications have had no reason to know or care whether you use sysvinit with runlevels, upstart, my minimal init with a hard-coded rc script or a more elaborate process-supervision system, or even <code>/bin/sh</code>. Ironically, this sort of modularity and interchangibility is what made systemd possible; if we were starting from the kind of monolithic, API-lock-in-oriented product systemd aims to be, swapping out the init system for something new and innovative would not even be an option.''

''There has been some interest in having a proper free software license on the trivial init code included above. I originally considered it too trivial to even care about copyright or need a license on it, but I don't want this to keep anyone from using or reusing it, so I'm explicitly licensing it under the standard MIT license'' ~ Rich Felker

Thankies dear.

=== Init ===

<pre>#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 700
#include <signal.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main()
{
    sigset_t set;
    int status;

    if (getpid() != 1) return 1;

    sigfillset(&set);
    sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &set, 0);

    if (fork()) for (;;) wait(&status);

    sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &set, 0);

    setsid();
    setpgid(0, 0);
    return execve("/etc/rc", (char *[]){ "rc", 0 }, (char *[]){ 0 });
}</pre>

''Yes, that's really all that belongs in PID 1. Then there's no way it can fail at runtime, and no need to upgrade it once it's successfully running.''

=== Exception handling ===

=== Initialisation ===

==== Mounting virtual file systems ====

==== Setting hostname ====

==== Kill ====

Sending SIGTERM to processes

Sending SIGKILL to processes 

==== Mounting real file systems ====

Mounting local file systems

Unmounting real file systems

==== Managing temporary files ====

==== Daemons ====

<code>eudev</code> is a fork of systemd-udev with the goal of obtaining better compatibility with existing software such as OpenRC and Upstart, older kernels, various toolchains and anything else required by users and various distributions.

In specific it tries to avoid glibc-specific functions and gcc-specific constructs by sticking to C99 while tracking closely the systemd-udev developments https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:Eudev

Starting uedev daemon

Triggering uedev events

Waiting for uedev events to be processed 

Shutting down uedev daemon

==== Auto grouping ====

==== Socket activation ====

== Resources ==
=== Kernel ===
* A Guide to the Kernel Development Process http://www.linuxfoundation.org/content/1-guide-kernel-development-process
* The Linux Kernel Archives https://www.kernel.org/
* The kernel guide http://www.linux.org/threads/linux-kernel-reading-guide.5384/ 

=== Init systems ===

* The Epoch Init System: A New Beginning http://universe2.us/epoch.html
* Daemontools: http://cr.yp.to/daemontools.html
* runit - a UNIX init scheme with service supervision http://smarden.org/runit/
* Supervisor: A Process Control System http://supervisord.org/

== Related ==
* [[Captivating capital and copyfighting]]
* [[Installing linux]]
* [[Linux applications]]

== References ==